Lamina – dura:
Lamina-dura is a radiographic feature appears as a thin radiopaque line surrounding the roots of the teeth, which represents the alveolar bone proper.
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Presence of intact lamina-dura around the apex of the tooth strongly suggestive of vital pulp.
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Absence of lamina-dura indicates either periapical pathology or occassionally improper angulation of the X-ray beam.
Absence of lamina-dura can be classified into:
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Localised
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Generalized
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Miscellaneous
Localised Absence of Lamina-dura
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Periapical periodontitis
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Periapical abscess
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Periapical granuloma
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Periapical cyst
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Periodontal abscess
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Condensing osteitis
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Osteomyelitis
Generalized Absence of Lamina-dura
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Osteomalacia
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Rickets
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Fibrous dysplasia
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Leukemia
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Multiple myeloma
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Paget’s disease
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Osteopetrosis
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Osteoporosis
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Hyperphosphatasia
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Systemic sclerosis
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Metastatic tumor
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Cushing syndrome
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Acromegaly
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Hypervitaminosis D
Thick Lamina-dura
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Osteopetrosis
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Scleroderma