⭐ RISK FACTORS OF PERIODONTOLOGY
📌 POINTS TO PONDER
🔹Risk: Probability that an event will occur in the future, or the probability that an individual develops a given disease or experiences a change in health status during a specified interval of time.
🔹Risk factors: Distinctive characteristics, or exposures, that increase the probability of developing periodontitis, or lead to a measurable change in status of periodontal supporting tissues.
🔹Various risk factors related to periodontal diseases are tobacco smoking, diabetes, pathogenic bacteria and microbial tooth deposits.
🔹Various risk determinants related to periodontal diseases are genetic factors, age, gender, socioeconomic status and stress.
🔹Various risk indicators related to periodontal diseases are HIV/AIDS, osteoporosis and infrequent dental visits.
🔹Various risk predictors/markers related to periodontal diseases are previous history of periodontal diseases and bleeding on probing.
📣 Main measures used to express health risk are as follows:
🔹Absolute risk
🔹Relative risk
🔹Odds ratio
🔹Attributable risk
📣 Risk Factors :
🔹Tobacco Smoking
🔹Diabetes
🔹Pathogenic Bacteria /Microbial Teeth Deposits
📣 Risk Determinants :
🔹Genetic Risk Factors
🔹Age
🔹Gender
🔹Socio Economic Status
🔹Stress
📣 Risk Indicators :
🔹Osteoporosis
🔹Infrequent Dental Visit
📣 Risk Markers :
🔹Previous History
🔹Bleeding on Probing
📣 Risk Assessment :
🔹Risk Models/ Risk Calculators
🔹Risk Model- Previser Risk Calculator (PRC)
🔹Risk Model- Periodontal Risk Assessment Model (PRA)
🔹Risk Model – Modified PRA model
🔹Risk Model – Simplified Risk Assessment Model (UniFe)
🔹Risk Model- Periodontal Risk Assessment Diagram Surface (PRAS)
🔹Risk Model – DentoRisk
📣 Risk variables –
🔺It includes 11 key factors/ parameters
🔹Patient age
🔹Smoking history
🔹Diagnosis of diabetes
🔹History of periodontal surgery
🔹Pocket depth
🔹Bleeding on probing
🔹Furcation involvement
🔹Subgingival restorations
🔹Calculus below gingival margin
🔹Radiographic bone height
🔹Vertical bone lesions
⭐The disease score ranges from 0 (no disease) to 100 (severe periodontitis)
▪️ Healthy : 1
▪️ Gingivitis : 2-3
▪️ Beginning gum disease: 4-10
▪️ Moderate gum disease : 11-36
▪️ Severe gum disease : 37-100
▪️ Tooth loss
📣 Risk variables –
🔺(PRAS )Six key factors/parameters:
🔹BOP
🔹Probing pocket depth PPD ≥ 5mm
🔹Tooth loss
🔹Bone loss/ Age ratio
🔹Environmental factors such as smoking status
🔹Systemic/Genetic status (IL-1,diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis)
📌 VIVA VOCE
Q1. What is the basic difference between risk and diagnosis?
Ans. Risk predicts the disease status at some future point in time, including the rate at which an existing disease condition is likely to progress whereas diagnosis is an expression of a current disease status.
Q2. What is the association of obesity and periodontal disease?
Ans. Obesity may be considered as a low grade systemic inflammatory disease. Obese patients have elevated serum levels of C- reactive proteins, interleukin -6, tumor necrosis factor-α and leptin which are known markers of inflammation.
Q3. What are the main measures used to express health risk?
Ans. Absolute risk; Relative risk; Odds ratio and Attributable risk.
Q4. Who proposed Previser Risk Calculator (PRC) risk model?
Ans. Page and colleagues in 2002.
Q5. Who proposed Periodontal Risk Assessment Diagram Surface (PRAS) risk model?
Ans. Leininger in 2010.
Q6. What is absolute risk?
Ans. It is the probability that an individual will develop the disease over a specified period of time.
Q7. What is relative risk?
Ans. It is the comparison of the health risk between two population.
Q8. What are various risk indicators?
Ans. HIV/AIDS, osteoporosis and infrequent dental visits.
Q9. What are various risk predictors /markers?
Ans. Previous history of periodontal diseases and bleeding on probing.
Q10. What are various risk determinants?
Ans. Genetic factors, age, gender, socioeconomic status and stress.