FORAMINA AND PASSING STRUCTURES QUICK NOTES 📌 WHAT ARE FORAMINA? 🔹 Foramina are openings or holes in bones through which structures (nerves, blood vessels) pass. 🔹 These structures are essential for connecting different body regions, ensuring that nerve impulses and blood flow reach the necessary areas. 📌 MAJOR FORAMINA & THEIR PASSING STRUCTURES A. […]
QUICK REVISION NOTES 📌 MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY) The mouth is the first part of the digestive system, playing a vital role in ingestion, mastication, taste, and speech. 1. Boundaries of Oral Cavity Roof: Hard and soft palate Floor: Tongue and mucosa covering mylohyoid muscle Anterior/Lateral: Lips and cheeks Posterior: Opens into oropharynx (via oropharyngeal isthmus)
TOPIC: GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 📌 KEY POINTS: 👉 PHARMACOLOGY: The interactions between the living system and various substances (drugs). 👉 A drug is a substance used for: Prevention (e.g., BCG vaccine for TB). Diagnosis (e.g., barium sulfate in X-ray imaging). Cure (e.g., INH for TB treatment). 👉 Two important Branches of pharmacology are—1. Pharmacokinetics2. Pharmacodynamics. 🔹 PHARMACOKINETICS: […]
TOPIC: SJÖGREN SYNDROME 🔹 Definition: Chronic systemic autoimmune disease affecting salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to: Xerostomia (dry mouth) Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) → aka Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 🔸 Types: Primary: Only sicca symptoms; no other autoimmune disease Secondary: Sicca + associated autoimmune disease (commonly RA, SLE)
– Conceptual + viva-ready – I. Introduction to Dental Pulp 🔸Soft connective tissue in the center of the tooth 🔸Located in pulp chamber (crown) and root canal 🔸Embryological origin: Central cells of dental papilla 🔸Functions: Nutritive, Sensory, Formative, Defensive, Reparative 🔸Contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics & connective tissue
TOPIC: ANATOMY OF LARYNX 📌 INTRODUCTION: 🔹The larynx is the voice box – a short, tubular structure involved in phonation, breathing, and protection of lower airways. 🔹Extends from C3 to C6 vertebrae. 🔹Located in the anterior neck, continuous above with the laryngopharynx and below with the trachea. 1. CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX A. Unpaired Cartilages […]
TOPIC: ANATOMY OF TONGUE 📌INTRODUCTION: The tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity, essential for taste, speech, mastication, deglutition, and oral hygiene. Divided anatomically and developmentally into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3.
TOPIC: NERVE SUPPLY OF HEAD & NECK 📌OVERVIEW 👉 The head and neck region receives motor, sensory, and autonomic innervation from: 12 Cranial nerves (CN I–XII) Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4) – from cervical plexus Sympathetic chain – cervical part 1️⃣ CRANIAL NERVES INVOLVED A. Sensory Supply Trigeminal nerve (CN V) – main sensory nerve of […]
TOPIC: EMBRYOLOGY – Concise Notes 📌 INTRODUCTION 🔺Embryology is the study of prenatal development – from fertilization to birth. 🔺Divided into: General Embryology – early development (fertilization to trilaminar germ disc) Systemic Embryology – development of organ systems Head & Neck Embryology – especially important for dental students (pharyngeal arches, face, palate, teeth)
TOPIC: VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC SUPPLY OF HEAD & NECK 🔍 VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD & NECK 1. Overview 🔹Veins are valveless, interconnected, and accompany arteries. 🔹Classified into: Superficial veins (e.g., facial, retromandibular) Deep veins (e.g., internal jugular vein) 2. Major Veins A. External Jugular Vein (EJV): 🔹Formed by: Posterior auricular vein + Retromandibular vein (posterior […]
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