HISTORY OF PHARMACALOGY Oswald Schmiedberg – Father of Pharmacology Col. Ramnath Chopra – Father of Indian Pharmacology Sir James Black – Father of Modern Pharmacology Clark – Gave Theory of drug action based on occupation of receptors by specific drugs. Otto Loewi – Direct proof of transmission across nerve junctions to be mediated by […]
TOPIC: VITAMINS 📌 PRACTICE QUESTION AND ANSWER Q.1. Define vitamins. Ans. Vitamins have been defined as organic compounds occurring in natural foods either as such or as utilizable “precursors”, which are required in minute amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction, for normal nutrition and health. Q.2. How the name vitamin derived? Ans. The first […]
ENDODONTIC EMERGENCIES 📌 DEFINITION : 🔸 Endodontic emergencies are usually associated with pain or swelling or both and require immediate diagnosis and treatment. 🔸Emergencies are usually caused by pathoses in the pulp or periapical tissues. 🔸 Emergencies include luxation, avulsion, or fractures of the hard tissues. 📌 CATEGORIES : 👉 Pretreatment : a) Patients […]
⭐ PRACTICE QUESTION & ANSWER Q.1. What are lipids? Define. Ans. The lipids are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds present in plant and animal tissues and related either actually or potentially to the fatty acids and chemically they are various types of esters of different alcohols. Q.2. What are Bloor’s criteria for a substance […]
TOPIC: IMMUNOGLOBULIN 📌 PRACTICE QUESTION AND ANSWER Q.1. What is an antigen? Ans. Antigen is a substance which when introduced into an animal can induce a detectable immune response, which may be humoral, cellular or both. Q.2. What is the nature of an antigen? Ans. Most antigens are macromolecules of proteins though synthetic polypeptides and […]
TOPIC: ENZYMES 📌 PRACTICE QUESTION AND ANSWER Q.1. What are enzymes? Ans. Enzymes are biocatalysts, which are heat-labile, soluble proteins produced by living cells and are highly specific in their action. They are colloidal in nature and may contain a non-protein moiety (co-enzyme or prosthetic group). Q.2. What are the similarities of enzyme (biocatalysts) with chemical […]
TOPIC: BIOLOGIC OXIDATION 📌 PRACTICE QUESTION AND ANSWER Q.1. What is oxidation? Ans. Oxidation is defined as the addition of O2 or removal of hydrogens or removal of electrons. Q.2. What is meant by reduction? Ans. Reduction is defined as the gain of electrons or addition of hydrogen atoms. Q.3. What is the biomedical importance […]
TOPIC: CARBOHYDRATES ⭐ PRACTICE QUESTION & ANSWER Q.1. What are carbohydrates? Ans. Carbohydrates are organic substances containing C, H and O. Hydrogen atoms are present usually in the ratio of 2:1 as it occurs in a water molecule. Example: glucose, fructose, lactose, starch etc. There may be exception to the above, e.g. C2H4O2 is acetic […]
TOPIC: TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA 📌 IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWER Q1. Define trigeminal neuralgia. Ans. It is defined as sudden, usually unilateral severe, brief, stabbing, lancinating, recurring pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve. It is also called as tic douloureax, Father gill disease. Q2. Mention the various aetiology of […]
TOPIC: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 📌 IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER Q1. Define temporomandibular joint. Ans. It is a highly specialized synovial, diarthroidal non-weight bearing joint, both the joints are independent. Q2. Mention various types of movement in the temporomandibular joint. Ans. Upper joint cavity has gliding movements while lower joint cavity has hinge movements. Protrusion, retrusion, opening, […]
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