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Diagnostic Aids in Oral Surgery

DIAGNOSTIC AIDS 

📌 IMPORTANT QUESTION & ANSWER

Q1. Classify diagnostic aids.

Ans.

  1. Clinical diagnostic aids.
  2. Radiological diagnostic aids.
  3. Biochemical diagnostic aids.
  4. Histopathological diagnostic aids.

Q2. Mention a few examples of clinical diagnostic aids.

Ans.

  1. History taking.
  2. Medical examination.
  3. Clinical examination.
  4. Extra oral
  5. Intra oral

Q3. Classify radiographic examination.

Ans.

  1. Intra oral radiographic examination.
  2. Extra oral radiographic examination.

Q4. Mention a few common examples of intra oral radiographic techniques.

Ans.

  1. IOPA.
  2. Occlusal view of maxilla.
  3. Occlusal view of mandible.
  4. Bite wing radiograph.

Q5. Classify extra oral radiograph.

Ans.

  1. Orthopantomogram
  2. Lateral oblique view of mandible (postero anterior view).
  3. PA view of mandible.
  4. Water's view.
  5. Transorbital view.
  6. Transcranial view.
  7. Lateral skull view.
  8. Submentovertex view.

Q6. Enumerate different types of specialized imaging techniques.

Ans.

  1. Computed tomography.
  2. Ultrasonography.
  3. Magnetic resonance imaging.
  4. Radionuclide imaging.
  5. Sialography.
  6. Arthrography.
  7. Angiography.
  8. Lymphoscintigraphy.

Q7. Define ECG.

Ans. Electrocardiogram is a device which records the change in the  electrical potential associated with the contraction of the heart.

Q8. Define EEG.

Ans. Electroencephalogram is a device which records the changes in the electrical potential associated with the contraction of the brain.

Q9. Classify hematological investigations.

Ans.

  1. Hemoglobin- Hb, Male 16 g/dl, Female 14g/dl
  2. Red blood cell count – Men 4.5 - 6.2 millions U/L

– Women 4 - 5.5 millions U/L

  1. White blood cell count – 4000 - 11,000 cells cc
  2. Platelet cell count – 2,00,000 - 5,00,000 cells/cubic mm

Q10. Classify laboratory investigations of bleeding and clotting disorders.

Ans. 

  1. Bleeding time - 3 to 5 minutes Dukes method.
  2. Clotting time - 4 to 10 minutes - Lee white method.
  3. Prothrombin time - 12-14 seconds extrinsic methods of coagulation.
  4. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - 25 to 45 seconds intrinsic method of coagulation.
  5. Thromboplastin generation time - It is used to differentiate specific factor deficiency.
  6. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - It is a non specific test for chronic infection and inflammatory process.

Q11. Mention a few renal function tests.

Ans.

  1. Blood urea nitrogen/normal level 10-20 mg /100 ml
  2. Serum creatinine/normal level 0.7-1.8 mg /100 ml.

Q12. Classify various serum electrolytes.

Ans.

  1. Normal sodium level 135-145 meq/l
  2. Normal potassium level 3.2-5.5 meq/l.
  3. Normal chloride level 95 - 105 meq/l.

Q13. What are the various types of liver functions test?

Ans. 

  1. Alkaline phosphatase - 60-170 IU/L (Adults)
  2. Normal serum albumin/bilirubin - 38-50 g/dl
  3. Serum Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase [SGOT] - 10-40IU/LSerum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT] - 9-32 IU/L
  1. Serum calcium - 8.5-10.3 mg/dl
  2. Serum phosphorus - 3-4.5 mg/dl
  3. Blood glucose - 70-110 mg/dl (Fasting)Post prandial 90-130 mg/dl

Q14. Mention a few Antigen, Antibody reaction. (Immunological test).

Ans.

  1. ELISA for HIV (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay).
  2. Complement fixation test (CFT).
  3. Australian antigen test.

Q15. What are the different types of histopathological examination?

Ans.

  1. Exfoliative cytology.
  2. FNAC - fine needle aspiration cytology.
  3. Biopsy.

Q16. Define - Biopsy.

Ans. Biopsy is a specimen taken from living tissue for histopathological examination.

Q17. Classify different types of biopsy.

Ans. 

  1. Punch biopsy.
  2. Excisional biopsy.
  3. Incisional biopsy.
  4. Brush Biopsy.

Q18. Classify newer diagnostic aids.

Ans.

  1. Computed tomography (C.T.)

– Axial view.

– Coronal.

  1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  2. Positron emission tomography (PET)
  3. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  4. Radionuclide imaging.
  5. Stereolithography
  6. Endoscopy.
  7. Ultrasonography.
  8. Digital radiography.

Q19. Define Aspiration.

Ans. It is a process by which removal of suction of air or fluid from a body cavity or cystic swellings where unusual collections have accumulated.

Q20. Define subtraction angiography.

Ans. Digital subtraction angiography is a type of fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment.