Q1. Define fever or pyrexia.
Ans. It is defined as gradual raise in the body temperature above the normal temperature 98.6ºF [37ºC].
Q2. Define angina pectoris.
Ans. It is the name given to paroxysms of severe chest pain; they are caused by higher myocardial oxygen demands. The usual underlying cause is coronary atherosclerotic plaques that ruptures.
They are classified into:
- Stable angina.
- Unstable angina.
- Prinzmetal angina.
Q3. Define myocardial infarction. (Coronary thrombosis or heart attack).
Ans. Myocardial infarction is the most severe and lethal form of coronary heart disease and almost invariably caused by atherosclerosis.
Q4. Define Hypertension.
Ans. It is generally defined as persistent raised blood pressure resulting from raised peripheral arteriolar resistance of systolic pressure over 140 mm hg and diastolic pressure over 90 mm hg is regarded as hypertension.
Q5. Define diabetes mellitus.
Ans. It is a disorder caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin. There can be a low output of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells, or the peripheral tissues may resist insulin.
Q6. Define Epilepsy.
Ans. This is a symptom of brain disorder involves paroxysmal neuronal discharge sufficient to cause effects such as recurrent seizures with disturbances of loss of consciousness.
They are classified intracranial, tonic clonic epilepsy, petit Mal, grandmal epilepsy.
Q7. Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ans. It is a chronic obstructive airway disease slowly progressive characterized by breathlessness and wheeze (airway obstruction) cough and sputum production. It is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Q8. Define postural hypotension (orthostatic hypotension)
Ans. Postural hypotension is defined as a disorder of the autonomic nervous system in which syncope occurs when the patient assumes an upright position.
Q9. Define Syncope.
Ans. Syncope is defined as transient loss of consciousness due to reduction in cerebral blood flow.
Q10. Define Asthma.
Ans. It is defined as paroxysmal disease of the respiratory organs, characterized by great difficulty of breathing, tightness across the breast, and a sense of impending suffocation, without fever or local inflammation. It is also defined as chronic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways.
Q11. Classify Asthma.
Ans. Classification Of Asthma :
- Extrinsic asthma.
- Intrinsic asthma.
- Mixed asthma (combination).
- Status asthmaticus.
Q12. What is CPR ratio (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) ?
Ans. CPR Ratio :
- One rescuer – 30:2 (30 compression, 2 ventilation) – Adult
- Other rescuer – 15:2 (15 compression 2 ventilation) – Children
Q13. Define Hemorrhage.
Ans. Hemorrhage (hemorrhage) denotes the escape of blood from a blood vessel. The word hemorrhage is synonymous with bleeding.
Q14. Classify different types of hemorrhage.
Ans.
A. 1. Arterial
2. Venous
3. Capillary hemorrhage.
B. • Primary hemorrhage
• Secondary hemorrhage
• Reactionary hemorrhage (Occurs after the passage of few hours).
Q15. Define primary hemorrhage.
Ans. Primary hemorrhage occurs at the time of injury. It resolves by itself by means of hemostatic mechanism.
Q16. Define secondary hemorrhage.
Ans. Secondary hemorrhage occurs 24 hrs after the bleeding stops after several days, it may be due to dislodgement of the clot, infection, secondary to trauma and wound dehiscence.
Q17. List down various clotting factors.
Ans.
- Factor I – Fibrinogen.
- Factor II – Prothrombin.
- Factor III – Tissue factor (Thromboplastin).
- Factor IV – Calcium.
- Factor V – Proacclerin, labile.
- Factor VI – No such factor.
- Factor VII – Proconvertin.
- Factor VIII – Anti hemophilic factor.
- Factor IX – Christmas factor.
- Factor X – Stuart power factor.
- Factor XI – Plasma Thromboplastin antecedent.
- Factor XII – Hageman factor.
- Factor XIII – Fibrin stabilizing factor.
Q18. Enumerate various methods to control bleeding?
Ans. 1. Mechanical methods 2. Thermal agents.
Q19. Classify mechanical agents to control haemostasis?
Ans. 1. Pressure.
- Use of haemostatic agents.
- Sutures for ligation
- Embolization of the vessels.
Q20. Classify thermal agents?
Ans. 1. Cautery.
- Electro surgery.
- Cryosurgery.
- Argon beam coagulators.
- Lasers.